PWM Library

CMO module is available with a number of AVR MCUs. mikroPascal PRO for AVR provides library which simplifies using PWM HW Module.

Important :

AVR MCUs require you to specify the module you want to use. To select the desired PWM, simply change the letter x in the prototype for a number from 1 to 2. Number of UART modules per MCU differs from chip to chip. Please, read the appropriate datasheet before utilizing this library.
For the XMEGA family of MCUs change the xn in the routine prototype with C0, C1, D0, D1, E0, E1, F0 or F1 (MCU dependent).
For better understanding of PWM module it would be best to start with the example provided in Examples folder of our mikroPascal PRO for AVR compiler.
When you select a MCU, mikroPascal PRO for AVR automatically loads the correct PWM library (or libraries), which can be verified by looking at the Library Manager.
PWM library handles and initializes the PWM module on the given AVR MCU, but it is up to user to set the correct pins as PWM output, this topic will be covered later in this section.
mikroPascal PRO for AVR does not support enhanced PWM modules.

PWM_xn_Init
PWM_xn_Set_Duty
PWM_xn_Start
PWM_xn_Stop

PWMx_Init

Prototype

procedure PWMx_Init(wave_mode : byte; prescaler : byte; inverted : byte; duty : byte);

Returns

Nothing.

Description

Initializes the PWM module.

Parameters :

wave_mode: desired PWM mode (Phase Correct or Fast PWM depending on the chosen MCU).

Value Description

_PWM1_FAST_MODE Fast mode for PWM1

_PWM1_PHASE_CORRECT_MODE Phase Correct mode for PWM1

_PWM2_FAST_MODE Fast mode for PWM2

_PWM2_PHASE_CORRECT_MODE Phase Correct mode for PWM2

prescaler: prescale value N = 1,8,64,256 or 1024 (some modules support 32 and 128, but for this you will need to check the datasheet for the desired MCU).

Value Description

_PWM1_PRESCALER_1 Sets prescaler value to 1 (No prescaling).

_PWM1_PRESCALER_8 Sets prescaler value to 8.

_PWM1_PRESCALER_32 Sets prescaler value to 32.
This value is not available for every MCU, please consult appropriate datasheet.

_PWM1_PRESCALER_64 Sets prescaler value to 64.

_PWM1_PRESCALER_128 Sets prescaler value to 128.
This value is not available for every MCU, please consult appropriate datasheet.

_PWM1_PRESCALER_256 Sets prescaler value to 256.

_PWM1_PRESCALER_1024 Sets prescaler value to 1024.

_PWM2_PRESCALER_1 Sets prescaler value to 1 for the second PWM module.

_PWM2_PRESCALER_8 Sets prescaler value to 8 for the second PWM module.

_PWM2_PRESCALER_32 Sets prescaler value to 32 for the second PWM module.
This value is not available for every MCU, please consult appropriate datasheet.

_PWM2_PRESCALER_64 Sets prescaler value to 64 for the second PWM module.

_PWM2_PRESCALER_128 Sets prescaler value to 128 for the second PWM module.
This value is not available for every MCU, please consult appropriate datasheet.

_PWM2_PRESCALER_256 Sets prescaler value to 256 for the second PWM module.

_PWM2_PRESCALER_1024 Sets prescaler value to 1024 for the second PWM module.

inverted: inverted or non inverted PWM signal.

Value Description

_PWM1_INVERTED PWM1 inverted mode

_PWM1_NON_INVERTED PWM1 noninverted mode

_PWM2_INVERTED PWM2 inverted mode

_PWM2_NON_INVERTED PWM2 noninverted mode

duty: sets duty ratio from 0 to 255.

PWMx_Init must be called before using other functions from PWM Library.

Requires

You need a CMO on the given MCU (that supports PWM). Before calling this routine you must set the output pin for the PWM (according to the datasheet).

Example

Initialize PWM module:

PWM1_Init(_PWM1_FAST_MODE, _PWM1_PRESCALER_8, _PWM1_NON_INVERTED, 127);

PWM_xn_Init

Prototype

function PWM_xn_Init(freq_hz : dword; wave_mode : byte) : word;

Returns

Calculated timer period (value written in PER register) for XMEGA family of MCUs.

Description

Initializes the PWM module. Change the xn in the routine prototype with C0, C1, D0, D1, E0, E1, F0 or F1 (MCU dependent).

Parameters :

freq_hz: PWM frequency in Hz (refer to device datasheet for correct values in respect with Fosc).

wave_mode: desired PWM mode

Value Description

_PWM_SINGLE_SLOPE Single Slope Mode

_PWM_DUAL_SLOPE Dual Slope Mode

Requires

You need a CMO on the given MCU (that supports PWM). Before calling this routine you must set the output pin for the PWM (according to the datasheet).

Example

PWM_C0_Init(1000, _PWM_SINGLE_SLOPE);

PWMx_Set_Duty

Prototype	procedure PWMx_Set_Duty(duty : byte);
Returns	Nothing.
Description	Changes PWM duty ratio. Parameter `duty` takes values from 0 to 255, where 0 is 0%, 127 is 50%, and 255 is 100% duty ratio. Other specific values for duty ratio can be calculated as `(Percent*255)/100`. Parameters : `duty:` sets duty ratio from 0 to 255.
Requires	PWM module must to be initialised (PWMx_Init) before using this function.
Example	PWM1_Set_Duty(192);

PWM_xn_Set_Duty

Prototype

procedure PWM_xn_Set_Duty(duty_ratio : word; inverted : byte; channel : byte);

Returns

Nothing.

Description

Changes PWM duty ratio. Parameter duty takes values from 0 to 255, where 0 is 0%, 127 is 50%, and 255 is 100% duty ratio. Other specific values for duty ratio can be calculated as (Percent*255)/100.

Parameters :

duty_ratio: PWM duty ratio. Valid values: 0 to timer period returned by the PWM_xn_Init function.

inverted: inverted or non inverted PWM signal.

Value Description

_PWM_NON_INVERTED Non Inverted Mode

_PWM_INVERTED Inverted Mode

channel: PWM channel. Values :

Value Description

_CCA_CHANNEL CCA channel

_CCB_CHANNEL CCB channel

_CCC_CHANNEL CCC (this channel not available from PWM_x1_Set_Duty.

_CCD_CHANNEL CCD (this channel not available from PWM_x1_Set_Duty.

Requires

PWM module must to be initialised (PWM_xn_Init) before using this function.

Example

PWM_C0_Set_Duty(192,_PWM_NON_INVERTED,_CCC_CHANNEL);

PWMx_Start

Prototype	procedure PWMx_Start();
Returns	Nothing.
Description	Starts PWM.
Requires	MCU must have CMO module to use this library. PWMx_Init must be called before using this routine.
Example	PWM1_Start();

PWM_xn_Start

Prototype

procedure PWM_xn_Start(channel : byte);

Returns

Nothing.

Description

Starts PWM.

Parameters :

channel: Starts PWM at requested channel. Values :

Value Description

_CCA_CHANNEL CCA channel

_CCB_CHANNEL CCB channel

_CCD_CHANNEL CCC (this channel not available from PWM_x1_Start.

_CCD_CHANNEL CCD (this channel not available from PWM_x1_Start.

Requires

MCU must have CMO module to use this library.

PWM module must to be initialised (PWM_xn_Init) before using this function.

Example

PWM_C0_Start(_CCD_CHANNEL);

PWMx_Stop

Prototype	procedure PWMx_Stop();
Returns	Nothing.
Description	Stops the PWM.
Requires	MCU must have CMO module to use this library. PWMx_Init and PWMx_Start must be called before using this routine using this routine, otherwise it will have no effect as the PWM module is not running.
Example	PWM1_Stop();

PWM_xn_Stop

Prototype

procedure PWM_xn_Stop(channel : byte);

Returns

Nothing.

Description

Stops the PWM.

Parameters :

channel: Stops PWM at requested channel. Values :

Value Description

_CCA_CHANNEL CCA channel

_CCB_CHANNEL CCB channel

_CCC_CHANNEL CCC channel (this channel not available from PWM_x1_Stop.

_CCD_CHANNEL CCD channel (this channel not available from PWM_x1_Stop.

Requires

MCU must have CMO module to use this library. PWM_xn_Init and PWM_xn_Start must be called before
using this routine otherwise it will have no effect as the PWM module is not running.

Example

PWM_C0_Stop(_CCC_CHANNEL);

Library Example

The example changes PWM duty ratio on PB3 and PB7 pins continually. If LED is connected to PB3 and PB7, you can observe the gradual change of emitted light.

Copy Code To Clipboard

program PWM_Test;

var current_duty : byte;
    current_duty1 : byte;

  begin
    DDB0_bit := 0;                   // Set PORTB pin 0 as input
    DDB1_bit := 0;                   // Set PORTB pin 1 as input

    DDC0_bit := 0;                   // Set PORTC pin 0 as input
    DDC1_bit := 0;                   // Set PORTC pin 1 as input

    current_duty     := 16;         // initial value for current_duty
    current_duty1    := 16;         // initial value for current_duty

    DDB3_bit := 1;                    // Set PORTB pin 3 as output pin for the PWM (according to datasheet)
    DDD7_bit := 1;                    // Set PORTD pin 7 as output pin for the PWM1 (according to datasheet)

    PWM1_Init (_PWM1_FAST_MODE, _PWM1_PRESCALER_8, _PWM1_NON_INVERTED, 16);
    PWM2_Init(_PWM2_FAST_MODE, _PWM2_PRESCALER_8, _PWM2_NON_INVERTED, 16);

    while TRUE do                                 // Endless loop
      begin
        if (PINB0_bit <> 0) then
          begin                                   // Detect if PORTB pin 0 is pressed
            Delay_ms(40);                         // Small delay to avoid deboucing effect
            Inc(current_duty);                    // Increment duty ratio
            PWM1_Set_Duty(current_duty);           // Set incremented duty
          end
        else
          if (PINB1_bit <> 0) then                // Detect if PORTB pin 1 is pressed
            begin
              Delay_ms(40);                       // Small delay to avoid deboucing effect
              Dec(current_duty);                  // Decrement duty ratio
              PWM1_Set_Duty(current_duty);         // Set decremented duty ratio
            end
          else
            if (PINC0_bit <> 0) then              // Detect if PORTC pin 0 is pressed
              begin
                Delay_ms(40);                     // Small delay to avoid deboucing effect
                Inc(current_duty1);               // Increment duty ratio
                PWM2_Set_Duty(current_duty1);     // Set incremented duty
              end
            else
              if (PINC1_bit <> 0) then            // Detect if PORTC pin 1 is pressed
                begin
                  Delay_ms(40);                   // Small delay to avoid deboucing effect
                  Dec(current_duty1);             // Decrement duty ratio
                  PWM2_Set_Duty(current_duty1);   // Set decremented duty ratio
                end;

      end;

  end.

HW Connection

PWM demonstration

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